Scholarly Procedure |
Description |
In-text |
End-of-text |
Additional |
Citing Sources |
Method for acknowledging sources of borrowed materials by using in-text citations and end-of-text references. |
1) Parenthetical |
Bibliographic |
|
Facts or common knowledge |
Facts or ideas that are widely known. |
NONE REQUIRED |
NONE REQUIRED |
Same fact can be found in four or more independent sources. |
Quotation |
Reproduction of an author's exact words. |
1) Parenthetical |
Bibliographic |
1) Enclose 4 lines or less in quotation marks. |
Paraphrase |
Restatement of an author's words that conveys the same meaning. |
1) Parenthetical |
Bibliographic |
1) Paraphrase is about same length as original passage. |
Summary |
Brief restatement of an author's words that conveys only the author's main point(s). |
1) Parenthetical |
Bibliographic |
1) Summary is shorter than the original source. |
From Duke University, Plagiarism Tutorial, Overview of the Common Scholarly Procedures.